Comprehensive meta analysis license university of florida

The GaWC inventory identifies three levels of global cities and several sub-ranks, although the authors caution that 'concern for city rankings operates against the spirit of the GaWC project' (emphasis in original). A list of world cities in the GaWC Research Bulletin 5 is ranked by their connectivity through four 'advanced producer services': accountancy, advertising, banking/finance, and law. Taylor established the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC). New York, London, Tokyo, and Paris, notably four of the most significant metropolises, have been ranked in top four positions in Global Cities Index and Global Power City Index since both indices' inception in 2008, with New York and London exclusively in top two positions.ДЄ map showing the distribution of GaWC-ranked world cities (2010 data) Most ranked cities are in North America and Europe. Global city rankings are numerous, with one study suggesting as many as 300. High diversity in language, culture, religion, and ideologies.Multi-functional infrastructure offering some of the best legal, medical, and entertainment facilities in the country.High-quality educational institutions, including renowned universities, international student attendance, and research facilities.High percentage of residents employed in the services sector and information sector.Dominance of the national region with great international significance.Centres of media and communications for global networks.Centres of new ideas and innovation in business, economics, culture, and politics.

Considerable decision-making power on a daily basis and at a global level.

Major manufacturing centres with port and container facilities.

Domination of the trade and economy of a large surrounding area.

The existence of financial headquarters, a stock exchange, and other major financial institutions.

Headquarters of several multinational corporations.

A variety of international financial services, notably in finance, insurance, real estate, banking, accountancy, and marketing.

Selection criteria may be based on a yardstick value (e.g., if the producer-service sector is the largest sector then city X is a world city) or on an imminent determination (if the producer-service sector of city X is greater than the combined producer-service sectors of N other cities then city X is a world city.) Д¬ities can fall from ranking, as in the case of cities that have become less cosmopolitan and less internationally renowned in the current era.ДЄlthough criteria are variable and fluid, typical characteristics of world cities are: Although there is a consensus on the leading world cities, the chosen criteria affect which other cities are included.

2.10 The World's Most Talked About CitiesД¬ompeting groups have developed multiple alternative methods to classify and rank world cities and to distinguish them from non-world cities.

More recently, the term has focused on a city's financial power and high-technology infrastructure, with other factors becoming less relevant. Patrick Geddes later used the term 'world city' in 1915.

'World city', meaning a city heavily involved in global trade, appeared in the May 1886 description of Liverpool, by The Illustrated London News. The term 'global city', rather than ' megacity', was popularized by sociologist Saskia Sassen in her 1991 work, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. The term 'megacity' entered common use in the late 19th or early 20th centuries one of the earliest documented uses of the term was by the University of Texas in 1904. The most complex node is the 'global city', with links binding it to other cities having a direct and tangible effect on global socio-economic affairs. The concept comes from geography and urban studies, and the idea that globalization is created and furthered in strategic geographic locales according to a hierarchy of importance to the operation of the global system of finance and trade. New York City is considered a global city ( Times Square pictured)ДЄ global city, also called a power city, world city, alpha city or world center, is a city which is a primary node in the global economic network.

Comprehensive meta analysis license university of florida